Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the body’s inability to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, leading to persistent high blood sugar levels, known as hyperglycemia. This prevalent form of diabetes, often referred to as “high sugars,” primarily affects adults and is associated with three cardinal signs known as the 3 POLYS: Polyuria (excessive urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), and Polyphagia (excessive hunger).

Diagnosing T2DM involves several tests, including the Fasting Blood Sugar Test, which measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast, and a result above 126 mg/dL on two separate tests confirms the diagnosis. Another diagnostic tool is the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, requiring fasting and the consumption of a glucose-containing liquid, with a blood sugar level above 200 mg/dL after 2 hours, indicating T2DM. The Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) test reflects a person’s average blood glucose over the past 2-3 months, and a value of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests confirms the presence of T2DM.

Medical terminologies related to diabetes and general health conditions, such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and gestational diabetes, are essential for understanding the disease. The goal of T2DM treatment is to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications. Pharmaceutical interventions typically involve antidiabetic drugs like Metformin and Glipizide, as opposed to insulin, primarily used for Type 1 DM. However, regular blood sugar level monitoring is still necessary during medication therapy.

Self-care management plays a crucial role in T2DM management and includes monitoring blood glucose levels, adopting a healthy diet (such as Mediterranean, low-carb, or low-fat diets), and engaging in regular exercise to promote weight loss and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

In addition to the comprehensive information, the study material features a detailed pathophysiology diagram of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, visually representing the underlying mechanisms contributing to this complex condition.