HHD Country Classifications and Characteristics

Summary:

The classification of countries is based on similar characteristics that guide policies and interventions to improve health and well-being. Countries were previously categorized as ‘Developed’ or ‘Developing,’ but the modern system uses Gross National Income (GNI) per capita to classify into High Income, Middle Income (upper and lower), and Low-Income groups. These groups are analyzed based on economic, social, and environmental characteristics. In economic terms, high-income countries exhibit lower poverty rates, diverse industries, and global trade opportunities, leading to higher average incomes. Socially, high-income nations show gender equality, lower birth rates, advanced education, developed healthcare and legal systems, and technology access. Environmentally, they ensure safe water, sanitation, food security, and adequate housing. These aspects contribute to high life expectancy, reduced child mortality, and better overall health.

However, low and middle-income countries face challenges like poverty, limited industry diversity, and inadequate infrastructure, affecting income and life expectancy. Gender inequality, high birth rates, and communicable diseases are prevalent. The disease burden is greater due to a higher prevalence of communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, and injuries. Years of life lost (YLL) are higher, with premature deaths more common in low- and middle-income countries. Access to safe water and sanitation significantly impacts health. Contaminated water causes diseases like cholera, disrupting education, employment, and well-being. Limited sanitation affects hygiene, leading to infections. Stagnant water breeds disease vectors.

Excerpt:

HHD Country Classifications and Characteristics

How are countries classified?

-Countries are classified that experience similar characteristics and are grouped for the purpose of guiding policies and interventions that may improve their level of health and well-being.

-Successful strategies used in one country may be applied to other similar countries to promote trade, increase income and improve health.

What groups are they classified into?

-Previously, countries were classified as ‘Developed’ or ‘Developing’:

• Developed countries: high levels of economic development, including industries, trading on the global market and high average incomes and were not solely reliant on primary production such as mining or farming.
• Developing countries had low economic development and relied largely on primary production and subsistence farming (self-sufficient farming by individuals to provide food for themselves and their families).